The American Psychological Association adopted a resolution on the effectiveness of psychotherapy in 2012 based on a definition by John C. Norcross that “Psychotherapy is the conscious and intentional application of clinical methods and interpersonal attitudes derived from psychological principles, established with the purpose of helping people adjust behaviors, cognitions, emotions, and other personal characteristics that they desire. Psychiatrist Jerome Frank defined psychotherapy in his works as relationship healing that uses socially sanctioned methods in a series of communication, primarily involving words, actions, and ritual as a form of persuasion and rhetoric.